Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2635: Raúl Castro and Barack Obama Shake Hands at Nelson Mandela's Memorial - Body Language Tells (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

The big news from Nelson Mandela's Memorial Service today was Barack Obama's and Raúl Castro's handshake. It is being viewed as hints of a possible thaw between Washington and Havana, but what does the body language of the two leaders say?

At 0:02 seconds into the video, President Obama is jaunting up stairs, sees who is the top of the stairs and turns his head away to his right.

In this instant we see three distinct signals:
1. A Jaw Jut
2. A Bulge just below his Lower Lip (signaling his jaw is clenched)
3. Thinned and horizontally oriented lips


All of these are body language signals of anger - particularly when clustered.

At the 0:06 mark as they shake hands they bow towards each other.

In this wider angle handshake view (still at 0:06), take a few tenths of a second later, we can see that President Obama's hand is slightly more dominant oriented with approximately a 10 to 15 degree rotation.

In this image (0:09), Raúl Castro gestures with pats on his stomach. This MAP (Manipulator, Adaptor, Pacifier) has a low sincerity quotient as it is a pat (vs. prolonged contact), it's his non-dominant hand and it is over his abdomen (vs. over his heart).

Note Obama maintains a partial bow.

Here Obama bows again - further (0:10 mark). It is unusual in the Western Hemisphere for extended or more pronounced bowing to occur during handshakes. Particularly with tall men (e.g. Obama) - when shaking shorter men's hands (Castro) it can be very often be interpreted by the shorter man as patronizing, condescending and arrogant - even though it may not be the intended message of the taller individual (who may indeed be vainly trying to signal respect) and may often signal weakness (of the more prominent bower) to others.

The Cuban President's lips are thinned in a brief anger (near-microexpression) display (above).

At 0:11 Castro's mouth takes on a brief "Bitter Smile" configuration.


Obama continues to bend forward - and he may very well be trying to speak candidly to Fidel's younger brother - yet the prolonged bowing (or bending) is negatively received. It painfully reminds shorter men of this weakness/perceived weakness.

Raúl Castro then looks away - as often is done during prolonged eye contact. His asymmetrical (mouth) smile is insincere.











See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 1874:  Bad Handshake and Mitt Romney - a Political Prevalence

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2511:  Barack Obama & Vladimir Putin  Handshake at 2013 G20 Meeting

Negotiation Secret # 703: Bad Handshake?  Let me count the ways! (Sarah Palin)

Negotiation Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 1510:  Handshakes, Statesmanship and Dominance -  Manmohan Singh & Asif Ali Zardari

Negotiation Nonverbal Communication Secret # 1131:  Romney's Handshake, Santorums Bicep's, and Dominance

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2523:  Hillary Clinton, Body Language and the 2016 Presidency -  Rapport Builder vs. Rapport Destroyer 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2616: John Kennedy and Richard Nixon Handshake at Kennedy Inaugural Address, One Body Language Maneuver to Counter a Dominance Display

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2634: "Lone Survivor" Navy SEAL Marcus Luttrell, "60 Minutes" Interview - Body Language (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

Marcus Luttrell, the former U.S. Navy SEAL upon which the upcoming movie "Lone Survivor" is based (starring Mark Wahlberg and to be released next month and based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Luttrell) is shown here in this heart-wrenching "60 Minutes" interview.

During the 2:18 - 2:20 segment, Luttrell gently bites his right lower lip.
He did this just after he said, "[deep nasal inhalation]... You know they, they, they say every man has his breaking point. I never thought I'd find mine. The only way you break a Navy SEAL is you have to kill us. But I broke right there. I quit right there. Ahhhh ..." acknowledging his momentary inaction as his friend lay dying. The lone survivor's lip biting is indicative of anxiety and emotional suppression of sadness as well as helping to prevent the expression of tears.


Lip biting can indicate other emotions depending on the other nonverbal signals with which it is clustered.

Note that Luttrell looks down and to his right at this same time. Gaze in this quadrant is highly correlative to highly (usually negative) emotional tones - particularly in right-handed individuals. 

What other crucial body language is seen during this interview?

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2626: Rashida Jones's Anxiety regarding YouTube Awards on Jimmy Fallon

Nonverbal Analysis # 1820: What Causes David Beckham's Greater Anxiety -  Barack Obama Teasing Him About His Age or His Underwear?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2621: Matt Smith (11th Incarnation of 'Dr. Who'), Anxiety and American Psycho

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2604: Obamacare Girl "Adrianna" on GMA - Body Language Harbingers of ....

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2601: "Governor Christie, Are You a Tea Party Republican?" Why His Answer Tells Us Whether or Not He Will Run for President in 2016

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2617: Walter Cronkite Announces President John Kennedy's Death - Body Language and Suppression of Grief

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2229:  President Obama and a Body Language Signal of  Holding Back Grief, Tears & other Negative Emotions - Sandy Hook Shooting

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2633: Abigail Hernandez, Missing N.H. 15 year old, Body Language Clues (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

This low resolution image is the last known one of Abigail Hernandez. It was taken on 9 October 2013 at Kennett High School in North Conway, New Hampshire - the day she disappeared. It is presumably from a school video monitor. 

Recently it was revealed that a letter from the 15 year old sent after her disappearance had been authenticated. It was postmarked on 23 October and received on 6 November.

Despite its poor clarity, some important body language clues can be gleaned this image. Abigail has the sleeve of her left arm pulled over her left hand. This is a significant signal of anxiety and strongly suggestive of an emotional-tone of protection (think of a turtle going in its shell).

Any temperature-related comfort is not a factor here - otherwise Abigail's right sweater cuff would not be at her elbow.

It would be immensely valuable to see the original video from which this photo was taken to see if the position of her left hand maintained a partial (unilateral) fig-leaf that is implied in this still photo (palm-in, covering the lower abdomen and privates). If that were the case, it would strongly suggest a beta, demure, low comfort and protective mindset - and perhaps also that of fear.

Who was she interacting at the moment immediately prior to this?

This photo strongly suggests that Abigail had significant anxiety, a protective mindset, and possibly fear - before she left school on 9 October 2013 (Implying she already knew her captor - or at least had at least one recent encounter with him/her). An explanation for this should be thoroughly explored.

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2259:  Game Show Killer Rodney Alcala Gets Two More Sentences - His Body Language Warning Signs

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2323:  Jodi Arias Murder Trial  The Body Language of Unilateral Regret vs. Contempt

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2608: Ryan Ferguson's Release From Prison - and the Self Righteous Jaw Wiggle

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2492:  Jared Remy Arrested for Murder of His Girlfriend -  Three Jaw Signals in a Cluster,  Thee Body Language Meanings

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2503:  Fort Hood Shooter and his Tell-Tale Body Language  Common to many Mass-Killers -  Nidal Malik Hasan gets the Death Penalty 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2504:  Former New England Patriot Aaron Hernandez and a  Commonly Missed Body Language Signal

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2231:  A Common Facial Expression of Mass Killers - Using Body Language as a Threat Assessment Tool

_________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2632: "The Sound of Music", Carrie Underwood and a Key Body Language Limiting Element (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

 

Carrie Underwood starred in a live rendition of the classic, "The Sound of Music" (Musical, Rogers and Hammerstein, 1959 and the five time Oscar Winning Film starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, 1965).

Ms. Underwood is an acclaimed and highly awarded singer; however she has come under significant criticism regarding her acting in this live "Sound of Music" performance.

The use of Botox significantly reduces the ability of the face to express emotion.

Acting, of course, is not simply remembering and delivering a line.
Many forget and/or dramatically undervalue body language when it comes to acting. 

Vocal qualities (paralanguage) also are not nearly as easy replicate on demand as some would imply.

When a person is acting well - their paralanguage, verbal and nonverbal communication are all congruent. When any one of these are out of alignment it stands out dramatically - and it's labeled as bad acting.

Julia Roberts has been famously quoted, "It's unfortunate that we live in such a panicked, dysmorphic society where women don't even give themselves a chance to see what they'll look like as older persons. I want to have some idea of what I'll look like before I start cleaning the slates. I want my kids to know when I'm pissed, when I'm happy, and when I'm confounded. Your face tells a story... and it shouldn't be a story about your drive to the doctor's office." The same phenomenon holds true for acting.

Whether a multiple academy award winner, a rookie or somewhere in between, the paralyzing effect of Botox dramatically reduces the ability to display the body language necessary for adequate, let alone excellent acting.

In all four of these examples here, Ms. Underwood's forehead and mid-face are very significantly hypo-reactive. Anyone who has serious aspirations towards acting should strongly consider not using Botox. 



See also:

Negotiation Secret # 591: A Classic Tell -  Tongue, Eyes, Brow and Forehead; David Moyes

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2512:  Matthew Cordle's YouTube Confession  and the Death of Vincent Canzani  "I Killed a Man" - What His Body Language Tells Us ...  It's NOT what you think!

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2310:  Oscar Pistorius' Body Language in Court - Part II  Central Forehead Contraction, Frown & Pupil Dilation ....

Nonverbal Communication Secret # 1439:  Central Forehead Contraction & Inward Lip Roll  Devon Davis & April Davis 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2474:  Mayor Bob Filner's False Smile -  Insincerity, Body Language and San Diego 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2171:  Charlie Bit My Finger!  One Body Language Signal Always Seen With Significant Pain

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2503:  Fort Hood Shooter and his Tell-Tale Body Language  Common to many Mass-Killers -  Nidal Malik Hasan gets the Death Penalty



________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2631: Walmart President Bill Simon Regarding Employees Working on Thanksgiving (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

In this interview on last week's Black Friday, Bill Simon, the President and CEO of Walmart U.S. is asked some uncomfortable questions. He goes on to display some significant body language which belies his feelings - and not surprisingly, contradict his words.

Beginning at the 1:12 mark, Mr. Simon is asked, "Bill as the President of a company that prides itself on being family oriented, do you cringe at all about keeping your store open on Thanksgiving? Was that a hard decision for you to make?"

Simon begins his answer at 1:23, "We've been open on Thanksgiving since the 80's. It's ah, it's what we do. We're in the service industry. We, we're open when our customers want to shop. So our people are used to working on Thanksgiving. They, they've been there for, for quite some time. Ah, and ah, so opening a little earlier for us because that's what the industry was, was headed towards wasn't such a big deal. In fact, many of our people got to go home ah, earlier than they would normally go home on, on Thanksgiving night. 

At the 1:17-1:18 mark (as the interviewer says, "... about ..."), the right corner of Simon's mouth contracts very quickly and laterally in a Microexpression of Regret [don't confuse with the somewhat similar (micro)expression of contempt].

It is unclear whether he feels regret about being asked this question (and put on the spot), or if he feels regret about his employees working on a National Holiday. 

At the 1:18 - 1:19 mark (as the interview says "... keeping your store ..."), the Walmart CEO/President displays a hard swallow. This is a clear and very common (yet oft overlooked) signal of anxiety.

Throughout the entire interview, Mr. Simon (who presumably has much experience in front of a television camera) exhibited a significantly increased blink rate - also a sign of heightened anxiety.

It is important to compare the rate of blinking when presumed nervousness is occurring against other times of relaxation - however unless there is ocular pathology present in this example, the CEO blink rate is excessive.








What other nonverbal signals are present in this example?

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2626: Rashida Jones's Anxiety regarding YouTube Awards on Jimmy Fallon

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2408:  Sen. Kelly Ayotte's Anxiety & Regret via  Senators Graham & McCain -  Republican Body Language in Response to  President Obama's National Defense University Speech

Nonverbal Analysis # 1820: What Causes David Beckham's Greater Anxiety -  Barack Obama Teasing Him About His Age or His Underwear?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2281:  Inaugural Luncheon Anxiety  Barack Obama's Body Language Michelle's Mirroring

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2621: Matt Smith (11th Incarnation of 'Dr. Who'), Anxiety and American Psycho 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2604: Obamacare Girl "Adrianna" on GMA - Body Language Harbingers of ... 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2493:  Jewel in Disguise at Karaoke Bar,  Body Language Cues to Lack of Nervousness

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2630: Nelson Mandela - Body Language of a Sincere Smile (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

Nelson Mandela, a great leader and courageous man past away today. In the above image we see Mr. Mandela exampling all the nonverbal indicators of a sincere smile:

1. Partially Closed Eyelids: This is an absolute requirement for a sincere smile. However not all partially closed lids are indicative of a smile, let alone a true, Duchenne smile; see number 2 ...

2. Concave-Up furrows in the lower eyelids: This finding indicates the contraction of the orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) muscle. These are dynamic creases and are not to be confused with the passive wrinkling that is associated with natural changes of aging. This body language occurs concomitantly with number 3 below.

3. Upward Vectored Cheeks: The cheek muscles although contracted partially laterally (outward) pull primarily upward.

4. Only Upward Teeth Should be Visible: Unless there is prolonged posing (wherein the face grows tired), a pronounced camera or height angle difference or over-lapping with laughter - the lower teeth should not be visible.

5. Relaxed Forehead: The forehead muscles should NEVER be contracted during a smile of true joy-happiness. Do not confuse active, dynamic furrows of muscle contraction with the passive wrinkles of aging.

Rest in Peace Nelson.

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2482:  Alex Rodriguez's Sincerity - Body Language of a One-Sided Smile

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2474:  Mayor Bob Filner's False Smile -  Insincerity, Body Language and San Diego 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2157:  Al Smith Charity Dinner  Barack Obama's & Mitt Romney's Smiles Sincere or False?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2515:  Eliot Spitzer vs. Scott Stringer  Insincere Smile with Anger Component  Body Language and the NYC Comptroller Race

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 1905:  Ann Curry's Smile and Sincerity Quotient

Dating & Romance Nonverbal Communication Secret # 1010:  What Makes the Twinkle in Her Eye? - Rashida Jones

Negotiation Body Language Secret # 353:  Brad Pitt's Smiling Eyes -  Sincere and Insincere Smiles

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2629: Sandy Hook Audio Tapes - A Body Language Sign of Disbelief (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

In this brief interview with three family members of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting last December, the two women (mothers of victims) display essentially identical nonverbal signals of disbelief.

Note: The original video has, since the original post, been removed from its online source. The images below however, were captured from this video.

Ms. Hockley's right eyebrow is elevated along with significantly more contraction of the right side of her forehead.

This is one common body language sing of incredulity. She has difficulty believing why the release of the audiotapes from the events of that terrible day would benefit the public in any way.

In a slightly less pronounced example on Ms. Marquez-Greene, we again see the right eyebrow and right forehead elevated - nonverbally signalling her disbelief in the public's value in the audio recordings release.









What other very telling body language signals do you see in this video?

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2238:  Sandy Hook Elementary Teacher Lauren Rousseau's  Boyfriend's Body Language - Grief & Suppression of Negative Emotions & Empathy

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2355:  Adam Lanza's College ID and the  Body Language of Eyes Chronically Wide Open

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2229:  President Obama and a Body Language Signal of  Holding Back Grief, Tears & other Negative Emotions

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2232:  Vicki Soto, a Hero, Body Language  and a Mother's Love & Affection -  Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting Interview

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2233:  Body Language, President Obama, 20 Children  and the Tongue-in-Cheek

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2247:  Barack Obama's Body Language on Meet the Press  "That was the worst day of my Presidency"

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2243:  The NRA, Asa Hutchinson's Body Language,  Speaking out of the “Side of the Mouth”  and the Importance of "Norming"

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2231:  A Common Facial Expression of Mass Killers - Using Body Language as a Threat Assessment Tool

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2628: Tom Daley (British Diver) Comes Out On YouTube ... (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

Yesterday British Diver (Olympic Medalist and World Champion) and television personality Tom Daley posted a YouTube video clarifying his sexual orientation. At 3:05, Tom Daley says, "... of course I still fancy girls, but, I mean [exhale] right now I'm dating a guy and - I couldn't be happier ..."

Earlier in the video, at 1:04 Daley begins, "... It's one of those things, that well in an ideal World I wouldn't be doing this video ah, because it shouldn't matter. Um, but recently I was misquoted in an interview ..."

At the 1:12 mark just after he says, "it shouldn't matter" (e.g., why should it matter who anyone dates?) and as says "... Um, b...", he displays a fantastic example of a microexpression of disgust.

Who he dates is his prerogative. Daley is clearly disgusted that he feels he has to explain his sexual orientation to the world.

In the first milliseconds of the microexpression of disgust, the corners of the mouth can be seen vectored downward with nasal flaring (dilation). There is also a tightening of the mustache area.

Daley's lower lip is also protruding with a coexisting raising of his upper lip. Both findings are characteristic of the nonverbal of disgust.

A few milliseconds later this second image begins to become less pronounced.

Note that in all three of these images, Tom Daley's upper eyelids are partially closed. In this context, this acts as a "Disgust Amplifier".

As the disgust microexpression dissipates, tightness of the mustache area can still be seen with a trace nostril flare residual










As this moment is not an extreme manifestation of disgust, what components of this body language-facial expression are not displayed in this example?

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2579: Brandon Bryant Body Language of Disgust and Empathy - Confessions of a Drone Operator

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2603: Sarah Palin's Body Language - She Feels Disgust toward Pope Francis and ... She Tells a Fib

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2624: Michigan's Football Coach Brady Hoke's Body Language ...

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 1841:  Disgust in Response to Rep. Barney Frank's "Hoodie" Joke

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2443:  Kristen Wiig's Disgust & Fear Face -  Graham Norton, Chris O'Dowd and Fly Eating

Negotiation Nonverbal Communication Secret # 1496:  Tiger Woods' Disgust & Biofeedback

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2588: Body Language Reaction to a Racially Prejudice Halloween Costume 


________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2627: Ron Burgundy in a Real News Cast - Will Ferrell's Body Language (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

Ron Burgundy took part in a real newscast on 30 November 2013 in North Dakota. The actor Will Ferrell is brilliant in his melodramatic portrayal of the fictional news anchor. In a brilliant promo for his upcoming sequel, "Anchorman 2, The Legend Continues", Ferrell acted and reported for the duration of the broadcast (see above).

Ferrell's acting calls to attention a particular body language signal which he deliberately uses excessively as Ron Burgundy - the "Chronically Contracted Forehead". Perhaps one of the most reliable nonverbal signals of insincerity, when the forehead muscles are contracted a high percentage of time, be warned.

Although this is presented in a comedic context, the ability to detect insincerity in particular is skill which should be highly cultivated. For it's the individuals whom are adept at their insincerity who will position themselves in strategic places where they can cause long term damage.

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2275:  Lance Armstrong's Insincerity -  Body Language revealed in Oprah Winfrey Interview  Part III

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2578: Obamacare Website Apology - Sincere vs. Insincere? 

Nonverbal Communication Test No. 2543: Guido Barilla's Apology - Sincere or Insincere? What Does His Body Language Say?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2227:  Kate Middleton, Sincerity and Insincerity regarding Suicide Death of Nurse Jacintha Saldanha

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 1912:  Ann Curry's Tearful Goodbye - Matt Lauer's Insincerity

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2515:  Eliot Spitzer vs. Scott Stringer  Insincere Smile with Anger Component  Body Language and the NYC Comptroller Race

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2474:  Mayor Bob Filner's False Smile -  Insincerity, Body Language and San Diego

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2509:  Syria's U.N. Ambassador Bashar Al'Afari Defends al Assad  Body Language of Insincerity, Contempt and ...

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2512:  Matthew Cordle's YouTube Confession  and the Death of Vincent Canzani  "I Killed a Man" - What His Body Language Tells Us ...  It's NOT what you think!

________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2626: Rashida Jones's Anxiety regarding YouTube Awards on Jimmy Fallon (VIDEO, PHOTOS)

The multi-talented Rashida Jones was on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on Thanksgiving. Among other subjects, she recounted her 'crash-like' behavior during the recent YouTube Music Awards. Spike Jonze who had directed the awards, had her give two babies to the Award's hosts - one each to Jason Schwartzman and Reggie Watts. Many felt this to be a bit bizarre. Rashida herself felt significant anxiety about it and she describes this to Jimmy Fallon above.

Note: The one of the original videos has, since the original post, been removed from its online source. The images below however, were captured from this video. 




The accomplished actress who's very accustomed to being on-camera, displayed multiple nonverbal anxiety tells in her recounting of the incident. Below are just three such examples.

In this image (1:56 - 1:57), Rashida can be seen displaying an "Inward Lip Roll" (ILR) which is a significant indication of anxiety - and more specifically the psyche's attempt in suppressing both the inward and outer manifestations of an emotion.

She is of course reaching for her neck in this image as well.

Here Ms. Jones is rubbing her neck (1:57 - 1:58) - a very common body language signal of anxiety. A deep exhalation can also be heard here (1:58).

Here Rashida strokes both sides of her long locks (2:39 - 2:46). It's relatively unusual to see a person used to being on camera display this nonverbal bilaterally - another significant anxiety indicator.






See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2408:  Sen. Kelly Ayotte's Anxiety & Regret via  Senators Graham & McCain -  Republican Body Language in Response to  President Obama's National Defense University Speech

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2621: Matt Smith (11th Incarnation of 'Dr. Who'), Anxiety and American Psycho

Nonverbal Analysis # 1820: What Causes David Beckham's Greater Anxiety -  Barack Obama Teasing Him About His Age or His Underwear?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2281:  Inaugural Luncheon Anxiety  Barack Obama's Body Language  Michelle's Mirroring

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2493:  Jewel in Disguise at Karaoke Bar,  Body Language Cues to Lack of Nervousness 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2530: Tom Coburn, Obamacare and Anxiety - Body Language Tell on a Senator's Face 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2601: "Governor Christie, Are You a Tea Party Republican?" Why His Answer Tells Us Whether or Not He Will Run for President in 2016


________________________________________________________________________________