Showing posts with label GMA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label GMA. Show all posts

Friday, November 30, 2018

Body Language Analysis No. 4363: Ivanka Trump's GMA Interview - Nonverbal and Emotional Intelligence (VIDEO, PHOTOS)




On Wednesday, 28 November 2018, an interview with Ivanka Trump aired on Good Morning America. What follows is a partial nonverbal analysis of a crucial portion of that interview. 

DEBORAH ROBERTS (continuing at 2:30): How concerned are you about the Mueller investigation?

IVANKA TRUMP: I'm not.

DEBORAH ROBERTS: You're not?

IVANKA TRUMP: I - I know the facts as they relate to me - 'nd - and my family - annnd [sic] I have nothing to be concerned about. 

DEBORAH ROBERTS: Do you think it should continue?

IVANKA TRUMP: I think it should reach its conclusion. I think it's been a long time - that this has been ongoing - but, I want it to be done in a way in which nobody could question - thaaat [sic] it was hurried or rushed - and I think after this lonnng [sic] period of time, we're well beyond that point. So I think that it absolutely should reach its conclusion. 

and a bit later ...

DEBORAH ROBERTS (continuing at 3:23): But many people say that your father is doing nothing to heal - if, if anything he's creating more of a climate for hatred and for fear mongering. What do you say to that?

IVANKA TRUMP: I reject that. I think that he is - creating policy that's going to lift all Americans - annnd [sic] - that's - what his number one role is. But we need to have this dialog - annnd [sic] sometimes the expressions of anger and resistance arrre [sic] the moment before you really start to engage in earnest, and, and we are looking to do that.

DEBORAH ROBERTS (continuing at 4:00): But his tone doesn't reflect that and there 're people who are wondering as a White House advisor, do you advise him on his tone?

IVANKA TRUMP: [deep inhaling] He's - my father and he's my boss ...


During 2:33, just after Deborah Roberts asks, "How concerned are you about the Mueller investigation?", Ivanka Trump looks straight down and forward. Her mouth is slightly tightened as the area just above her upper lip and below her nose tightens. This is an expression of fear-sadness.


During 2:35, just after Ms. Robert's asks again, "You're not?", Ivanka Trump displays a classic Microexpression of Regret - as Ms. Trump's left mouth corner makes a very quick movement laterally. You may describe this as a "twitch". Watch this at regular speed, then at 1/2 speed, then at 1/4 - and again at full speed. Repeat this several times and then review this segment in this same manner multiple times a week. This practice will help you to become more adept at discerning microexpressions.

(Bear in mind, that regret is one of many emotions which may be projected via a microexpression).


Just after she says, "I - I know the facts as they relate to me - ", Ivanka looks down to HER right (2:38). This is the quadrant to which people will often look when they're feeling emotions of guilt, shame, and/or sadness - all feelings which commonly occur during deception. Ms. Trump's eyelids are opened wider in this instant - a manifestation of fear.


Three seconds earlier (during 2:35), Ivanka closed her eyes for a prolonged duration. Both this extended blink and her previous directional gaze - down and to her right - are each forms of diminished eye contact which are seen during deception.

Notice also, Ivanka says, "I - I know the facts as they relate to me - 'nd - and my family - annnd [sic] I have nothing to be concerned about."

She stutters, stretches out her words, and, crucially she separates herself, "I know the facts as they relate to me" - and then includes her family. She also says, "I have nothing to be concerned about" - rather than "We have nothing to be concerned about".

In statement analysis terms, these are examples of distancing behavior. She is verbally creating a protective space - between herself and the others - Donald Trump, Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump - and her husband, Jared Kushner. This paralanguage behavior is a profound red flag.


During 2:59, just after she says, "... and I think after this lonnng [sic] period of time...", her knee raises after she raises up on her toes. While her hand movement here was voluntary and well-practiced (Ivanka has better nonverbal skills than her father, brothers, or husband), her leg movement was involuntary and betrayed her heightened level of anxiety.


Then, during 3:01 - 3:04, as she says, "So I think that it absolutely should reach its conclusion", Ivanka Trump then places each hand on the front portion of the seat of her chair with elbows locked and straightened. This hand-arm configuration is a significant anxiety tell.


During 3:34 - 3:35, as she says, "I reject that", Ivanka Trump displays what is known as a Self-Righteous Head Wiggle.

A Self-Righteous Head Wiggle is characterized by relatively rapid, side-to-side movements of the head and neck - and is often accompanied by a similar movement of the torso (and sometimes by shoulder shrugs, which are seen here).

Sometimes the Self-Righteous Head Wiggle (SRHW) will be very short-lived (a near-microexpression) - however in this example, although still relatively brief, it's of a longer duration (about a second).

The SRHW is commonly displayed by individuals who are in the midst of hyper-alpha moments of particularly high confidence while expressing especially strong opinions - ergo its synonyms of High Confidence Head Wiggle or the Hubris Head Shake.

The SRHW is virtually always subconsciously generated and very rarely feigned. It's somewhat helpful to think of it as a form of nonverbal swagger.

It's also crucial to emphasize that the dynamics of a SRHW are not captured in a still image and must be viewed in motion (please view the video several times).

In this example, the SRHW also has an additional overlying backward motion component. This extra movement is displayed when contempt, disgust, and/or incredulity are also present (in this example all three are seen) - or a superimposed forward motion (when condescending emotions coexist).

Fascinatingly, the vocal pitch grows higher during the Self-Righteous Head Wiggle - providing an outstanding example of the congruity between paralanguage and body language. Please re-watch this and listen to Ivanka Trump's voice momentarily increase a half an octave.


Two seconds later, during 3:35 - 3:36 as she says, "I think that he is ..." (and just prior to her saying, "creating policy that's going to lift all Americans"), Ivanka looks down and to her right again (guilt and shame) while she simultaneously displaying a Jaw Jut (signifying a surge of adrenaline). This is a profound moment of emotional dissonance as she's rationalizing her father's behavior.


Just after she says, "... annnd [sic] that's - what his number one role is.", Ivanka Trump displays a feigned smile. If it were sincere, we would see classic temporary, concave-up furrows in each of her lower eyelids and we would not see even a hint of her lower teeth. In such moments of insincerity - the corners of the mouth pull out laterally (to the sides as is seen here) versus much more upward vectoring (as is seen with sincere aka a Duchenne Smile).

Furthermore, in a general sense, smiling (albeit insincere) in this moment is significantly out of context. Attempting a smile when the social situation seems incongruous with joy-happiness is always a red flag.


Just after Deborah Roberts asks, "... a White House advisor, do you advise him on his tone?", Ivanka Trump inhales deeply and displays another Self Righteous Head Wiggle (4:08) - this one much more extreme than the example cited above - then saying, "He's - my father and he's my boss ..."

SUMMARY:  Ivanka Trump is indeed worried about Robert Muller's investigation. She has significant anxiety about her family's association with Russia - and she's attempting to distance herself from President Trump, her brothers, and her husband.

Ivanka Trump also displays a high level of hubris and self-righteousness - emotions which fundamentally overlap with, and are byproducts of, self-deception.


Group Appearances and One-on-One
Online Courses Available 


See also:

Body Language Analysis No. 4362: Mohammed bin Salman regarding the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi

Body Language Analysis No. 4360: GE's CEO Larry Culp's CNBC Interview and Subsequent Stock Sell-off

Body Language Analysis No. 4358: Donald Trump, Pseudo-Christianity, and the Not-So-Subliminal Cross

Body Language Analysis No. 4356: Donald Trump: "When I can, I tell the truth"

Body Language Analysis No. 4354: Mass Shooting at Pittsburgh Synagogue

Body Language Analysis No. 4350: Ashley Kavanaugh during Brett Kavanaugh's Swearing-in Ceremonies for the Supreme Court

Body Language Analysis No. 4342: Alleged Jacksonville Shooter David Katz

Body Language Analysis No. 4325: Part II - Trump Putin Helsinki Summit Press Conference

Body Language Analysis No. 4339: Pre-Confession Interview of Murderer, Chris Watts


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Tuesday, October 24, 2017

Body Language Analysis No. 4101: Myeshia Johnson, the widow of Sgt. La David Johnson - Interview on Good Morning America - Nonverbal and Emotional Intelligence (VIDEO, PHOTOS)





On 4 October 2017, Sgt. La David Johnson, along with three other US soldiers - Staff Sgt. Bryan Black, Staff Sgt. Jeremiah Johnson,  Staff Sgt. Dustin Wright - as well as five Nigerien soldiers, were killed in an ambush in Tongo Tongo, Niger. Two American and eight Nigerien soldiers were also wounded in the attack.

Myeshia Johnson, the widow of Sgt. La David Johnson was interviewed on Good Morning America today. What follows is a partial nonverbal analysis of Ms. Johnson's conversation with George Stephanopoulos.




GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: Are you confident you're going to get the answers you need?

MYESHIA JOHNSON: If I keep pushin' for 'em I will. 

GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: And they just say they don't know?

As George Stephanopoulos, says, "And they just say they don't know?" (during 2:57), and for about a second afterward, Myeshia Johnson displays a "Lateral Jaw Thrust" to her right. This is vectored away from the camera, which makes it a bit difficult to see.

A lateral jaw thrust is indicative of High Sincerity and Strong Determination.

























MYESHIA JOHNSON: Yes, the President said he knew what he signed up for, but it hurts anyways.

As she says, "... anyways" (during 3:57), Ms. Johnson displays Anger with the evanescent depression of her eyebrows, especially her medial eyebrows. 







During 4:05, as Ms. Johnson said, "And I was - it made me cry, because - I was very angry at the w-, the tone in his voice ...", she displayed Contempt.







Then, during 4:06 as she said, "and how he said - I, he, he c-, he couldn't remember my husband's name ...", Myeshia Johnson felt and displayed Disgust. 
























GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS (5:04): What did you say to the President?

MYESHIA JOHNSON: I,  I didn't s-, I didn't say anything.

During her answer, Ms. Johnson first projects her lower lip forward. She then shakes her head side-to-side, leans to her right, stutters, focuses her eyes at the mid-distance, and displays a Regret expression (pictured above during 5:08). This combination of nonverbal signals are indicative of Anxiety, Hesitation, and Regret and are best viewed in the dynamic context of the video.

























During 5:13, just after she says, "I just listened", Myeshia Johnson displays an Inward Lip Roll (ILR). An inward lip roll is a subconsciously initiated attempt to suppress both the inward crescendo and the outward display of strong emotions.

























GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: But you were upset when you got off the phone?

MYESHIA JOHNSON: Oh, very, very upset and hurt - very. It made me cry even worse.

From 5:18 through 5:22, Ms. Johnson's eyelids lower in another display of Anger (image immediately above).


























GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: The President said that the Congresswoman was lying about the phone call.

MYESHIA JOHNSON: Whatever Ms. Wilson said was not fabricated. What she said was a hundred percent correct. It was Master Sargent Neil, me, my Aunt, my Uncle, and the drive, and Ms. Wilson in the car. The phone was on speakerphone. [Tongue in Cheek Display during 6:19] Why would we fabricate something like that?

A Tongue in Cheek display indicates the high confidence thought-emotions of "I just won"/"I gotcha".
























GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: Is there anything you'd like to say to the President now?

MYESHIA JOHNSON: [Lip Smack] No [lateral head shake, low amplitude, moderate frequency] I don't - Nah - I don't have nothin' to say to him.

During 6:29, as she says, "... Nah ...", Ms. Johnson displays a classic Contempt expression.















After Ms. Johnson's interview on Monday morning, President Trump responded via Twitter (immediately above).


Summary: Ms. Myeshia Johnson displayed a myriad of emotions during this interview including determination, anger, contempt, disgust, anxiety, and high confidence. And although she did not express so verbally, Myeshia Johnson's nonverbal signals show that she regrets not responding to President Trump during the phone call.

Myeshia Johnson's sincerity and honesty quotients are high - and specifically, at no time during this interview did she display any nonverbal signals of deception.


Group Appearances and One-on-One
Online Courses Available 
702-239-8503
Jack@BodyLanguageSuccess.com


See also:

Body Language Analysis No. 4100: Bryan Cranston and The Eyelid Pull

Body Language Analysis No. 4098: President Trump and Puerto Rico's Governor Ricardo Rosselló - A Candid Moment in the Oval Office

Body Language Analysis No. 4096: President Trump Refutes Florida Congresswoman Frederica Wilson's Account Of Call To Soldier’s Widow

Body Language Analysis No. 4094: Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and Calling the Families of Fallen Soldiers

Body Language Analysis No. 4087: Harrison Ford Accidentally Punches Ryan Gosling in the Face - Blade Runner 2049

Body Language Analysis No. 4081: Catalonia's Referendum vs. Spain's Control

Body Language Analysis No. 4071: Fans' Reaction to Trauma - Young Girl Hit By Foul Ball at Yankee Stadium

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3860: Ian McKellen, The Oscars and a spot-on Maggie Smith Impression

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3771: Tom Hanks Reenacts Iconic Forrest Gump Scene



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Monday, May 4, 2015

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3177: Carly Fiorina Announces her Candidacy for the 2016 Presidential Race - Body Language Tells (VIDEO, PHOTOS)




Today on Good Morning America, Carly Fiorina surprised almost no one with the announcement of her candidacy for the 2016 Presidential Race. In order to win any party nomination, let alone the Oval Office, a person must have more than articulate, a platform and money. They MUST be likable. This certainly doesn't mean they should abandon their principles. Yet regardless of whether or we agree or not with their politics - if a person isn't likable - we won't vote for them. Very few politicians understand this simple but profoundly principle.

Many an intelligent and otherwise adept professional completely misses the boat when it comes to body language. A huge majority of likability is dependent on nonverbal signals. A person may say "all the right things", sure - however it doesn't "feel" right unless their body language also has a friendly and natural feeling.




At the beginning of this video, Carly Fiorina exhibits extended and multiple eyelid closures (aka prolonged blinking). This is in no way normal blinking. And while increased blinking frequency is associated with anxiety, this is not the cause here.

This image was captured from the above video as the Republican candidate answers the word, "Yes" - in response to Stephanopoulos' question, "Are you running for President?" (Her eyelids are closed during this entire word "Yes".)




Here the former Hewlett-Packard CEO says, ".... I think I'm the Best Person for the Job ..." (Her eyes are also closed for these two words).

She also displayed multiple other extended and rapid blinking early during her these associated sentences.

This nonverbal signal of prolonged blinking in this context (What other nonverbal and paralanguage signs do you note here?) sends strong signals of arrogance and patronizing emotional tones. She's unmistakably distancing herself from her electorate by doing this. She's losing votes far before the primary. 

Today's take home point: We only vote with our intellect after our emotions tell us a candidate is likable. After likability is established - the rest of the "decision" is primarily rationalization. And never forget that without congruent and likable body language - nothing the person says will win over a voter.

See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3175: Box of Lies with Scarlett Johansson - Body Language Tells

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3141: Carly Fiorina "Higher than 90%" Chances She's Running for President

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 3106: Amazing Selfie Proposal - Body Language Components of Surprise

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2933: Will Hayden ("Sons of Guns") Arrested - Body Language of His Mug Shot

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2150:  Body Language Advice for  President Obama and Governor Romney in Tonight's Debate

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Saturday, February 1, 2014

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 1706: Amanda Knox Interview after Guilty Verdict - Body Language Tells (VIDEO, PHOTOS)





Amanda Knox was recently declared guilty (along with her former boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito) once again for the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher. Yesterday Ms. Knox was interviewed by Robin Roberts on "Good Morning America". What follows is a body language analysis of one particular moment.

At the 2:45 mark, Robin Roberts says, "... We heard you say that you would not go willingly Amanda, that they would have to catch you first, and that you'd go kicking and screaming."

Ms. Knox responds, "Yeah, I am um ... I will never go willingly back to the place ... where I ...[exhale] .... I'm going to fight this until the very end ..."


At 2:50, as Ms. Roberts says, "... first ...", Amanda Knox exhibits a very subtle microexpression display of fear. This is one of the subtlest examples you'll see. Look for an evanescent tightening of her left neck. 

Ms. Knox's eye lids are also opened wider than baseline in this moment - highly consistent with the emotion of fear.

In addition there is a component of regret, although this is also a secondary emotion in this moment.




At 2:52 just after Roberts says, "... kicking and screaming." Knox displays a regret microexpression. At this moment she most probably regrets making this statement in public, or the image of herself kicking and screaming.







A fraction of a second later we see a very brief example (thus a microexpression) of duping delight (Ekman). This is very subtle. Watch this segment of the video if you don't see it at first.

In this context, this duping delight display does NOT indicate guilt. What does it mean then?

There's a myriad of other nonverbal displays in this video. What others did you spot?


See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2547: Amanda Knox's ex-Boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito, Piers Morgan Interview, Body Language Tells and Avoiding the Othello Error

Negotiation Secret # 331: Amanda Knox's Sincerity

Negotiation Secret # 335 & 353: Incredulous with Contempt  Amanda Knox Redux

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2274:  The Eyes & Mouth of Fear -  Body Language of Ahmed Dogan during  Attempted Assassination

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2606: Brett Farve Displays Body Language of Fear about any Son Playing Football 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2338:  Why Does Keit Pentus-Rosimannus feel Fear?  Body Language of Estonia's Minister of Environment 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2705: Congressman Michael Grimm Apology - Sincere or Not? Body Language Tells

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Wednesday, November 13, 2013

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2604: Obamacare Girl "Adrianna" on GMA - Body Language Harbingers of .... (VIDEO, PHOTOS)





The failure of the Obamacare Website and the cancellation of millions of health insurance policies has left the woman known as "Obamacare Girl" feeling maligned and bullied. This brief interview demonstrates several common nonverbal pre-crying displays. Such signals of sadness may or may not be successful in suppressing tears. 



At 2:01 Obamacare Girl (Adrianna) briefly breathes through  tightened and narrowed lips. This particular "Tight-Lipped Breathing" is characterized by one (or multiple shallow and) rapid breath(s) and is very commonly seen in anticipation of a significant emotional event (here crying on national television and sharing her story with millions) and has an unpredictable outcome feeling for those displaying this nonverbal. This tight-lipped breathing along with increased and shallow respiration rate, also is associated with increased adrenaline, rapid pulse and a rise in blood pressure.  Some may confuse it with the "puffer fish" which occurs both before, but more commonly after a significant event; however the puffer fish (which is usually just a few or even a single expiration) brings on a lower pulse, deeper and slower breaths as well as lower blood pressure.

The puffer fish lowers anxiety while tight-lipped breathing (TLB) is associated with increased anxiety - and thus often is a harbinger of a crying-emotional release.




At 2:02 Adrianna can be seen very briefly "pulling in" her central cheeks in what is a very evanescent "False Mastication like" display.

This is a very common anxiety indicator and is also subconsciously used in an attempt to suppress crying.








We see an increase reflectivity in Adrianna's eyes in this image (2:04) which indicates more tear-film from the expressing of "crying tears".

It is very common to gaze upward prior to crying in an effort to suppress sadness and tears. 







Chin dimpling, seen here - also see at 2:04, is also a very common crying harbinger.













Subtle chin dimpling is seen displayed at 2:11 along with mild-to-moderate jaw jutting.

Although a jaw jut is seen usually in the context of anger, it may also be occur to stave off an emotional display of tears.

Adrianna also sports widely opened eyelids - which is is also common in the moments just prior to crying and near-crying.





At 2:12 we see Adrianna in a specific  facial expression termed an "Inward Lip Roll" (ILR). It is the psyche's attempt to suppress an escalation of emotion - both internally and in body language. The ILR is more commonly seen in the setting of anger and also on occasion to suppress joy-laughter.





See also:

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2578: Obamacare Website Apology - Sincere vs. Insincere?

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2530: Tom Coburn, Obamacare and Anxiety

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2596: What Motivates Ted Cruz's Regarding Anti-Obamacare, Body Language Tells on Jay Leno

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2406:  Tight Lipped Breathing - Anticipatory Anxiety & Winning a Million Dollars

Nonverbal Communication Analysis No. 2590: Rob Ford's Apology - was he Sincere? and other Body Language Tells 

Negotiation Nonverbal Communication Secret # 1122:  Tiger, Pebble Beach and the Puffer Fish 

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2374:  Tom Cruise on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Body Language of Emotional Dissonance


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Sunday, October 21, 2012

Nonverbal Communication Analysis # 2159:
Tom Hanks drops the F-bomb on GMA -
Body Language of Fear, Surprise, MAPs and a Bitter Smile





Everyone loves Tom Hanks. In this CNN Video recapping a portion of his interview on Good Morning America shown on 19 October 2012 there are some great nonverbal displays. These facial expressions are so evanescent (particularly the best examples) that you may need several attempts to pause at the best split second marks.

At 0:01, CNN anchor Christi Paul gives us a great fear expression. Paul's emotional display is probably due to her painful memories of having committed (or witnessing) similar faux pas - and thus she has a good deal of empathy for Hanks and GMA interviewer, Elizabeth Vargas. Note Christi Paul's neck. The contraction of the thin superficial neck muscle (platysma) gives her neck a "tented-up" appearance. Sometimes this neck-tenting is the primary nonverbal display of this emotion. It is often missed and is a very reliable body language fear-tell (even at the poker table).

Paul's eyes also briefly open in a "white and wide" manner - which is also very consistent with the emotional of fear (it also occurs with surprise and severe anger - aka rage).

Christi's eyebrows (both) also elevate and the upper portion of her forehead muscle contracts. Her lower forehead doesn't contract and her eyebrows don't pull together (normally seen in fear) due to OnabotulinumtoxinA injection (aka Botox) - (which she clearly doesn't really need). Botox usage detracts from full human expression and therefore the display of emotions as well as the feedback and counter-feedback we need to fully communicate.

Lastly, Paul's mouth takes on the classic fear expression with tightly and laterally pulled lips, open mouth, teeth closed and nearly always (as is exampled here) the lower teeth more exposed than her upper ones. Notice also the characteristic gasp-hiss sound as air is inhaled (deep inhalation is also a signal of fear) though her closed mouth.

Now look at Tom Hanks and Elizabeth Vargas at the 0:28 mark. After Hanks swears, they both rapidly lean forward and cover their mouths. The rapidity with which this occurs is strongly suggestive of a sincere mistake - and it almost seems as if they are trying to put the word(s) back into their (Hanks') mouth. They are both quite surprised because - Hanks slipped into character so completely (method acting, Stanislavsky method) - and as he said he's never committed this mistake on live T.V. This is also one signal of embarrassment (in addition to his blushing at 0:34) - and interestingly is seen more often in individuals with higher empathy quotients. Both of their eye lids open widely as is seen with both fear and surprise (both of which are present here) as well as rage/extreme anger (which is not present in either) - which is very brief in both, but more short lived in Hanks. Surprise is the most evanescent of all emotions and is nearly always rapidly replaced by a second (or third) emotion - here by fear and embarrassment. Note how Hanks goes on to display facial MAPs (Manipulators, Adaptors, Pacifiers) of rubbing his mustache and chin for several seconds as well as a mouth cover - body language signals which betrays his significant anxiety, embarrassment and self-anger (see below).

During the 0:49 - 0:50 segment, we see Tom Hanks compress his lips as they stretch horizontally into a thin line. This is a highly reliable signal of anger (Hanks is angry at himself here). Just as this video blends into a view of his apology-tweet, we see the corners of his mouth turn downward in a "bitter smile". This incredibly interesting nonverbal phenomenon is a common and fantastic example of just how we (even the two-time Academy Award winners among us) are not nearly so aware of our own facial expressions and body language displays as we think we are when we are experiencing strong emotions - particularly negative ones. For when this "bitter smile" is being made, Tom Hanks and all the rest of us believe we are making a slight (albeit tight) social smile. Tom is better than most perhaps - but his mouth still takes on the configuration of a frown.





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